一、概述
近幾年來(lai),隨著石油在高速增長的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟中所(suo)占的(de)(de)(de)(de)地位越來(lai)越重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao),石油工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)規模(mo)也在不斷增加,在項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)設過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中,如何控(kong)(kong)(kong)制投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),達到總投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不超概算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標,變(bian)得(de)異常(chang)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)。眾所(suo)周之,任何工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設都離不開質量、進度(du)、投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)這(zhe)三大(da)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制點,如何在保證質量和工(gong)期進度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下(xia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)已成(cheng)為(wei)當前(qian)一個重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)課題。長期以來(lai),對于工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制,人(ren)們普遍認為(wei)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是在建(jian)(jian)設項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)實(shi)施階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan),忽視建(jian)(jian)設過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)各個環(huan)節的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li),錯誤的(de)(de)(de)(de)認為(wei)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)力、物(wu)力、財力的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入(ru),控(kong)(kong)(kong)制施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)費用支出也就(jiu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制了工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)。其實(shi),工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制有(you)多方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)因素組成(cheng),投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制要(yao)(yao)(yao)由投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)決策階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)、項目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)實(shi)施階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan),多節點控(kong)(kong)(kong)制,才能達到既(ji)定目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標。
二(er)、項目前期階段
項(xiang)目前期(qi)階段中合理(li)(li)控(kong)制工(gong)程造價,需(xu)從控(kong)制概(gai)算、大(da)宗材料采購管理(li)(li)、施工(gong)單位確定等方面做起。
(1)控制概算,首(shou)先要(yao)深入現(xian)(xian)場(chang),搜集(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的有(you)關資料,對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進行多方(fang)(fang)案分析比較,從而(er)提(ti)出最優(you)方(fang)(fang)案。最優(you)方(fang)(fang)案不(bu)(bu)僅在技(ji)術(shu)上(shang)要(yao)先進、可行,而(er)且在經濟(ji)上(shang)要(yao)合理。一般(ban)來說,工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)前期階段要(yao)詳細(xi)對現(xian)(xian)場(chang)進行踏(ta)勘,不(bu)(bu)僅要(yao)有(you)技(ji)術(shu)人(ren)員參與,更要(yao)有(you)經濟(ji)人(ren)員隨同,要(yao)從征地賠償、設備選型、各項(xiang)評價、項(xiang)目(mu)施工(gong)(gong)、水(shui)工(gong)(gong)保護(hu)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面詳細(xi)計列(lie)子項(xiang),做到概算不(bu)(bu)漏項(xiang)。
(2)嚴(yan)格大宗(zong)材(cai)料采(cai)購(gou)管理。對大宗(zong)材(cai)料、關鍵設備由業主自行采(cai)購(gou),以降低采(cai)購(gou)價格,同(tong)時利于保證供貨質量。同(tong)時,以嚴(yan)格規范(fan)的(de)招標(biao)采(cai)辦(ban)為物(wu)(wu)資(zi)采(cai)辦(ban)的(de)主要形式,委托專業機構(gou)進行物(wu)(wu)資(zi)采(cai)購(gou)供應專項(xiang)管理,認真制定物(wu)(wu)資(zi)采(cai)購(gou)和調撥(bo)計(ji)劃(hua),提高物(wu)(wu)資(zi)中轉效率,減少物(wu)(wu)資(zi)倉儲(chu)管理成本。
(3)施工單(dan)位確(que)定(ding)。為適(shi)應(ying)大(da)(da)型工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設項目管(guan)理,科學合理有效(xiao)地控制工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投資,應(ying)當采用與國(guo)際慣例接(jie)軌的(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單(dan)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投標模式,嚴格執行國(guo)家《建(jian)設工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單(dan)計價(jia)規(gui)范》的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding),較好地適(shi)應(ying)工期緊、工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)建(jian)設需求。近(jin)年來隨著工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單(dan)招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)投標在石油工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)不斷(duan)應(ying)用,遵照FIDIC合同(tong)條款,針對招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標實際情況,對招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標文(wen)件不斷(duan)地修改、完善,使招(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)標文(wen)件更(geng)加規(gui)范科學,使工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)清單(dan)計價(jia)的(de)(de)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)相對準(zhun)確(que)、更(geng)具有可(ke)操作性,同(tong)時加大(da)(da)了業主和承(cheng)包(bao)商共擔風險的(de)(de)力度。
原油儲(chu)備油庫工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)招標(biao)(biao)(biao)所用工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清單(dan)報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)分(fen)別(bie)由投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)匯總表(biao)(biao)(biao)、施工(gong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清單(dan)單(dan)項報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)表(biao)(biao)(biao)、其他費用報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)表(biao)(biao)(biao)、綜合單(dan)價(jia)分(fen)析(xi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)、其他費用報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)明細(xi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)組(zu)成,并且對每張(zhang)表(biao)(biao)(biao)的填(tian)報(bao)(bao)(bao)要(yao)求作(zuo)了嚴格規定和詳細(xi)說明。在(zai)招標(biao)(biao)(biao)文件中,根據招標(biao)(biao)(biao)圖紙按照工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量計(ji)價(jia)特征提(ti)供統一(yi)的工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清單(dan),此(ci)清單(dan)貫穿于招標(biao)(biao)(biao)投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),并作(zuo)為(wei)測(ce)算標(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)、投(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)、索賠與反索賠、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進度款支付等的統一(yi)依據。
為(wei)了(le)防止(zhi)不平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)及惡性(xing)報(bao)價(jia)(jia),項(xiang)目(mu)部在招投(tou)(tou)標過程(cheng)中引入了(le)符合(he)標底的規(gui)定:復合(he)標底=業主(zhu)標底×50%+投(tou)(tou)標單位有效報(bao)價(jia)(jia)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)值×50%;復合(he)單價(jia)(jia)=業主(zhu)標底單項(xiang)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)×50%+投(tou)(tou)標單位單項(xiang)有效報(bao)價(jia)(jia)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)值×50%;如果投(tou)(tou)標報(bao)價(jia)(jia)超(chao)出或低于(yu)各(ge)投(tou)(tou)標單位報(bao)價(jia)(jia)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)值50%的投(tou)(tou)標報(bao)價(jia)(jia)不作為(wei)復合(he)標底的計算依據(ju)(ju)。這樣投(tou)(tou)標單位投(tou)(tou)標報(bao)價(jia)(jia)時就(jiu)會慎重考慮,據(ju)(ju)實報(bao)價(jia)(jia)。
為體現公(gong)開、公(gong)正、公(gong)平的(de)評(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)原則,在開標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)前需要制訂詳細(xi)的(de)評(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)程序和(he)文(wen)件,規定評(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)紀律和(he)保密守(shou)則、細(xi)化評(ping)(ping)分(fen)辦法和(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。通常以”綜(zong)合(he)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)法“進行評(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao),即商(shang)務(wu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)分(fen)值(zhi)(zhi)占評(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)總分(fen)的(de)60%,技(ji)術標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)分(fen)值(zhi)(zhi)占評(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)總分(fen)的(de)40% 。通過對投標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)的(de)施工(gong)組織設計、業主關注問題(ti)的(de)建議、投標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)的(de)不可(ke)替代施工(gong)人(ren)員、設備和(he)同類工(gong)程工(gong)作經驗(yan)、商(shang)務(wu)報(bao)價的(de)合(he)理性和(he)完整性等方(fang)面進行綜(zong)合(he)評(ping)(ping)價。
按照上(shang)述招標(biao)規定和評標(biao)細則所(suo)評出的(de)中標(biao)候選人,不(bu)但在(zai)施工技(ji)術方案可行(xing)、設備裝備優良、施工業績突(tu)出,而且(qie)報價(jia)處于中等(deng)偏(pian)低的(de)水平,體現了國際通行(xing)的(de)”合理低價(jia)中標(biao)”原(yuan)則。 ;
通過推(tui)廣(guang)工(gong)程量清單(dan)招標,可有效(xiao)地降低和(he)控制工(gong)程投(tou)資,提(ti)高工(gong)程造價管理工(gong)作(zuo)的水平,有效(xiao)地實現“公(gong)平競(jing)爭、風險(xian)合理分擔、投(tou)資的合理控制、提(ti)高工(gong)作(zuo)效(xiao)率提(ti)高施工(gong)企業的技術和(he)管理水平等項目管理目標。
三(san)、項目實施階段
首先,嚴格(ge)合同(tong)管理(li),保(bao)證工程投(tou)資的有效(xiao)控制。
1)所有合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)必須經過合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管理系統(tong)流轉(zhuan)審(shen)批,嚴格合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)會簽制度,廣泛征求(qiu)意見,避免(mian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條款的漏洞給成本(ben)控制帶來風險(xian)。
2)合(he)同應由專人負責保(bao)管,專人負責所(suo)有(you)工程合(he)同的審核、保(bao)管、存(cun)檔工作。
3)施工、監(jian)理、設計等(deng)合同(tong),均由(you)造(zao)價(jia)部(bu)(bu)門負責組(zu)(zu)織會審(shen)、談(tan)判(pan)和簽訂;征地合同(tong)以(yi)及其他等(deng)合同(tong),可以(yi)由(you)業務主管部(bu)(bu)門負責組(zu)(zu)織,必要時造(zao)價(jia)部(bu)(bu)門應參與合同(tong)談(tan)判(pan)過程。
4)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)會簽記錄(lu)(lu)、合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)變更(geng)備忘(wang)錄(lu)(lu)、合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)價(jia)格的(de)(de)形成依據(ju)等原始記錄(lu)(lu)要隨合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)一起保管,做到合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)責任的(de)(de)可追蹤(zong)性。對于談判發包的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong),談判過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)書面記錄(lu)(lu)應作(zuo)為合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)依據(ju)隨合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)保存。談判過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)報價(jia)文件應由工程(cheng)經濟專業人員簽署(shu)和蓋(gai)章,作(zuo)為合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)組(zu)成部(bu)分保存。
其次,控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)施工(gong)(gong)圖階段(duan)的(de)設計(ji)變(bian)(bian)更,減少變(bian)(bian)更引(yin)起(qi)的(de)索賠給工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成本過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帶來(lai)的(de)不(bu)確(que)定性。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定嚴(yan)格的(de)變(bian)(bian)更、簽證管理程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序,明(ming)確(que)簽證責(ze)任,避免承包商的(de)不(bu)合(he)理索賠和虛(xu)假索賠。對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)較(jiao)大的(de)現場(chang)(chang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)更的(de)索賠簽證,應由工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)專業人員在現場(chang)(chang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)確(que)認。對(dui)索賠簽證的(de)時效性,在合(he)同中作(zuo)出明(ming)確(que)規定,特別是隱蔽工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和土(tu)建工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)等事(shi)后難以準確(que)計(ji)量(liang)的(de)項目,簽證人員要(yao)在施工(gong)(gong)前、施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)現場(chang)(chang)核(he)查測量(liang),變(bian)(bian)更項目完成后及時進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)簽證確(que)認。
再次,由于(yu)大(da)型工(gong)程(cheng)項目一般均(jun)為跨年(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)工(gong)程(cheng),所以要認(ren)(ren)真(zhen)編制年(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)投資計(ji)劃(hua),制定科學合(he)理的資金(jin)使用需求計(ji)劃(hua),認(ren)(ren)真(zhen)編制季度(du)(du)投資計(ji)劃(hua)。根(gen)據工(gong)程(cheng)項目的進度(du)(du)分析(xi)編報月度(du)(du)資金(jin)計(ji)劃(hua),做到(dao)既保證資金(jin)的及時到(dao)位又(you)最大(da)限度(du)(du)地(di)減少流(liu)動資金(jin)的占用。
最后,嚴格執行目(mu)標成(cheng)本責任制(zhi),根據工程(cheng)總造價,采取指標分解的(de)方式對工程(cheng)概算和(he)各(ge)項費用進(jin)行指標控制(zhi),并將目(mu)標成(cheng)本控制(zhi)責任落(luo)實到部(bu)門、落(luo)實到崗位、落(luo)實到個人(ren),使工程(cheng)成(cheng)本控制(zhi)達到全(quan)員管理(li)、全(quan)過程(cheng)控制(zhi),保證工程(cheng)概算的(de)完(wan)成(cheng)。
四、項目(mu)結算(suan)階段
工(gong)程(cheng)決(jue)算(suan)(suan)審(shen)核是一項十分重要的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作,它直(zhi)接(jie)關系到甲乙(yi)雙方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)經濟利(li)益(yi)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)建(jian)設(she)單位來(lai)說,要精打細算(suan)(suan),盡可能降(jiang)低工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia);對(dui)(dui)(dui)施工(gong)單位而言,為了追求經濟效益(yi),通常(chang)多(duo)報(bao)結算(suan)(suan)以增加(jia)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)。因(yin)此,從某種意(yi)義來(lai)講,工(gong)程(cheng)決(jue)算(suan)(suan)審(shen)核實際上是雙方(fang)(fang)技(ji)術能力的(de)(de)(de)較量。建(jian)設(she)單位的(de)(de)(de)預算(suan)(suan)人(ren)員,不但要熟練掌握(wo)(wo)工(gong)程(cheng)量計(ji)算(suan)(suan)規(gui)(gui)則(ze)、定額子目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)成(cheng)內(nei)容和套用(yong)規(gui)(gui)定、工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)算(suan)(suan)程(cheng)序,而且(qie)還(huan)要掌握(wo)(wo)三者的(de)(de)(de)編制原理、內(nei)在聯系,唯此在應(ying)(ying)用(yong)中(zhong)才能融會貫通、得(de)心(xin)應(ying)(ying)手。此外,造(zao)價(jia)(jia)人(ren)員還(huan)應(ying)(ying)有一定的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術知(zhi)識,既能對(dui)(dui)(dui)現場(chang)(chang)施工(gong)提(ti)(ti)出合理化建(jian)議,又可對(dui)(dui)(dui)簽證中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)不合理因(yin)素提(ti)(ti)出質疑。另外,造(zao)價(jia)(jia)人(ren)員還(huan)要有耐(nai)心(xin)細致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作作風,經常(chang)下(xia)工(gong)地了解現場(chang)(chang)情況,掌握(wo)(wo)工(gong)程(cheng)動態。
五、結論
根據上述分析(xi)我們可以看(kan)出,造(zao)(zao)價(jia)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)各個環節均會對工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)形成產(chan)生影響,只有(you)在項(xiang)目(mu)建設的(de)(de)(de)各個階段,采用科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)價(jia)方法和切合實際的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)價(jia)依(yi)據,細(xi)化初步設計(ji)概算,利用清單報價(jia)進行招投標、嚴格合同管理與(yu)材料管理環節,據實控(kong)制(zhi)變更簽證,合理進行結算,才能對工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)形成具有(you)決定性(xing)作用,控(kong)制(zhi)好這(zhe)幾個環節就能有(you)效(xiao)控(kong)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)價(jia)。
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