成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)是通過(guo)*的(de)(de)(de)調查、分析與技術測定而制(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de),用(yong)(yong)來評價實際成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、衡量工作效率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種預計成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。排除(chu)了(le)不該發生的(de)(de)(de)浪費。標(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)體現企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)和(he)要求,主要用(yong)(yong)于衡量產品制(zhi)造過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)工作效率(lv)和(he)控制(zhi)出版、控制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben),也(ye)可用(yong)(yong)于存貨和(he)銷售成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)計價。有兩種含(han)義:
成本標準=單(dan)位(wei)產品標準成本=單(dan)位(wei)產品標準消耗量*標準單(dan)價(jia)
標(biao)準成(cheng)本=實際(ji)產量*單位產品標(biao)準成(cheng)本
標準(zhun)成(cheng)本(ben)按(an)所(suo)根據的生產技(ji)術和經營管理水平,分為(wei)理想標準(zhun)成(cheng)本(ben)和正常標準(zhun)成(cheng)本(ben)。
理想(xiang)(xiang)標(biao)準成本是(shi)(shi)在(zai)最(zui)(zui)優的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)條件下(xia)(xia),利(li)用(yong)(yong)現(xian)有規模(mo)和(he)設備(bei)能(neng)(neng)達(da)到的(de)(de)(de)*成本。是(shi)(shi)理論上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)業績標(biao)準、生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)要(yao)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)理想(xiang)(xiang)價格和(he)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)高生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)利(li)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)平(ping)。理想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)業績標(biao)準是(shi)(shi)指生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程中毫無技術(shu)浪費時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)要(yao)素(su)消耗量,最(zui)(zui)熟練的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)人(ren)全力以赴工(gong)作、不(bu)(bu)(bu)存在(zai)廢品(pin)損失和(he)停工(gong)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)等條件下(xia)(xia)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)優業績。最(zui)(zui)高生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)利(li)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)平(ping)是(shi)(shi)指理論上(shang)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)達(da)到的(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)利(li)用(yong)(yong)程度,只(zhi)扣除不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)避免的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)器修理、改換品(pin)種(zhong)、調整(zheng)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian),而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)考(kao)慮(lv)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)銷(xiao)路不(bu)(bu)(bu)暢(chang)、生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)技術(shu)故障(zhang)造成的(de)(de)(de)損失。這種(zhong)標(biao)準是(shi)(shi)“工(gong)廠的(de)(de)(de)極樂世界”,很難(nan)成為(wei)現(xian)實(shi)(shi),即使出現(xian)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)持(chi)久(jiu)。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)途是(shi)(shi)提(ti)供一個(ge)完美無缺的(de)(de)(de)目標(biao),揭示成本下(xia)(xia)降的(de)(de)(de)潛力,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)作為(wei)考(kao)核的(de)(de)(de)依據。
正常(chang)標(biao)準(zhun)成(cheng)本是在效率良好的(de)(de)條件下,根據(ju)下期一般應該發生(sheng)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產要(yao)素消耗(hao)量(liang)、預計(ji)(ji)價格和預計(ji)(ji)生(sheng)產經營(ying)能力(li)利用程(cheng)度制(zhi)定出的(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)成(cheng)本。把難以避免的(de)(de)損耗(hao)和低效率等(deng)情況也計(ji)(ji)算在內,使之切實(shi)(shi)可(ke)行。從數量(liang)上(shang)看,它大(da)于(yu)理想標(biao)準(zhun)成(cheng)本,但又小于(yu)歷史平(ping)均水平(ping),實(shi)(shi)施(shi)以后實(shi)(shi)際成(cheng)本可(ke)能是逆差,是要(yao)經過努力(li)才能達到的(de)(de)一種標(biao)準(zhun),因而可(ke)以調(diao)動職工的(de)(de)積極性。
正常(chang)標準成本(ben)的特點:A。客觀性(xing)(xing)和(he)科(ke)學性(xing)(xing);B。現實性(xing)(xing);C。激勵性(xing)(xing)D。穩定性(xing)(xing)
標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)按(an)其適用(yong)期(qi),分為現行標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)和基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)決定(ding)因素變(bian)(bian)化(hua)時,需(xu)要按(an)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)了的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)加以修(xiu)訂(ding)現行標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)是指一(yi)經(jing)(jing)制定(ding),只要生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)條(tiao)件(jian)無(wu)重大變(bian)(bian)化(hua),就不予變(bian)(bian)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。重大變(bian)(bian)化(hua)是指產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理(li)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua),重要原材(cai)料和勞動(dong)力(li)價格的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua),生(sheng)產(chan)技(ji)術和生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)等(deng)。由于(yu)市場供求和生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)(jing)營能力(li)利(li)用(yong)程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua),由于(yu)工(gong)(gong)作方法改變(bian)(bian)而引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率變(bian)(bian)化(hua)等(deng),不屬(shu)于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)條(tiao)件(jian)變(bian)(bian)化(hua),不需(xu)修(xiu)訂(ding)。通過基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)與各期(qi)實際成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)對比(bi),可(ke)反(fan)映成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)變(bian)(bian)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢,但基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)不宜用(yong)來直接評價工(gong)(gong)作效(xiao)率和成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)性,因為其不按(an)各期(qi)實際修(xiu)訂(ding)。
標準成本的制定(ding)
直接(jie)材(cai)料的(de)標準成(cheng)本
直(zhi)接材料的標準消(xiao)耗量,是用統計方法(fa)、工業工程法(fa)或其他技術(shu)分析方法(fa)確定的,包括必不可少(shao)的消(xiao)耗以(yi)及(ji)各種難以(yi)避免的損失。
直(zhi)接材料的(de)(de)價格標準(zhun),是預計下一年度實際需要支(zhi)付的(de)(de)進(jin)料單位(wei)成(cheng)本,包括發票(piao)價格、運費、檢驗和(he)正常損耗(hao)等(deng)成(cheng)本,是取得材料的(de)(de)完全成(cheng)本。
直接人工(gong)的標準成本
直接人工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)量(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)是單(dan)(dan)位產品的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)工(gong)(gong)時(shi)。是各個(ge)工(gong)(gong)序的(de)(de)(de)匯(hui)總。是現有(you)生(sheng)產技術(shu)條(tiao)件下,生(sheng)產單(dan)(dan)位產品所需要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間,包括必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)間隙和停工(gong)(gong),如工(gong)(gong)間休息、調整設備(bei)時(shi)間、不可(ke)(ke)避免的(de)(de)(de)廢品耗(hao)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)時(shi)等(deng)。直接人工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)價格標(biao)準(zhun)是指標(biao)準(zhun)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)率。如果是計件工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)制,是預定的(de)(de)(de)每件產品支付的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)除以標(biao)準(zhun)工(gong)(gong)時(shi)。如果是月工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)制,需要(yao)根(gen)據(ju)月工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)總額和可(ke)(ke)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)時(shi)總量(liang)來確定。
制造費用的標準成本
A。變(bian)動制造(zao)費用的(de)標準成本(ben)
變(bian)動制(zhi)造費(fei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)數量(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)通常采(cai)用(yong)(yong)單位產(chan)品直接人工工時標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),它在(zai)直接人工標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)成本制(zhi)定(ding)時已經確定(ding)。有些企業采(cai)用(yong)(yong)機器工時或其他(ta)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。作(zuo)為數量(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)計量(liang)單位,應盡可能與變(bian)動制(zhi)造費(fei)用(yong)(yong)保持較好的(de)線性關系。
變動(dong)制造(zao)(zao)(zao)費(fei)用的(de)(de)(de)價格標(biao)準(zhun)是每一(yi)工(gong)(gong)時變動(dong)制造(zao)(zao)(zao)費(fei)用的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)分(fen)配率=變動(dong)制造(zao)(zao)(zao)費(fei)用預示總(zong)數/直(zhi)接人(ren)工(gong)(gong)標(biao)準(zhun)總(zong)工(gong)(gong)時變動(dong)制造(zao)(zao)(zao)費(fei)用的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)標(biao)準(zhun)成本=單位產品直(zhi)接人(ren)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)工(gong)(gong)時*每小時變動(dong)制造(zao)(zao)(zao)費(fei)用的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)分(fen)配率
B。固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)如(ru)果企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)變(bian)動成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)計算(suan),固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不計入產(chan)品(pin)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben),不需制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。如(ru)果企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)完(wan)全成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)計算(suan),則要確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準與變(bian)動制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準相(xiang)同,包(bao)括直接(jie)人工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)時、機(ji)器工(gong)(gong)時、其他用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)標(biao)(biao)準等,并且兩者要保持(chi)一致,以便進行差(cha)異分(fen)析(xi)。它在(zai)(zai)直接(jie)人工(gong)(gong)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時已經確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)。固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)價格標(biao)(biao)準是其每(mei)小時的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準分(fen)配(pei)率(lv)=固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)預示總數/直接(jie)人工(gong)(gong)標(biao)(biao)準總工(gong)(gong)時固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)=單位產(chan)品(pin)直接(jie)人工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準工(gong)(gong)時*每(mei)小時固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準分(fen)配(pei)率(lv)將(jiang)上述料工(gong)(gong)費(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)按產(chan)品(pin)加以匯總,就可確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)有(you)(you)關(guan)產(chan)品(pin)完(wan)整的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。通常編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)(biao)準成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)卡(ka),反映具(ju)體(ti)構成(cheng)(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)之(zhi)前送(song)達有(you)(you)關(guan)人員,作為(wei)領料、派工(gong)(gong)和支出(chu)其他費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)依據。彈性(xing)預算(suan)是企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)不能準確(que)預測(ce)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)量(liang)的(de)(de)情況下,根據本(ben)(ben)量(liang)利之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)規律的(de)(de)數量(liang)關(guan)系,按照一系列業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)量(liang)水平編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)伸縮性(xing)的(de)(de)預算(suan)。主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于各(ge)種間(jian)(jian)接(jie)費(fei)(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)預算(suan),有(you)(you)些企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)也用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于利潤預算(suan)。
特點是按(an)一系(xi)列業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)水(shui)(shui)平編(bian)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de),從而擴大了預算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)(fan)圍 是按(an)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)性態(tai)分(fen)類列示的(de)(de)(de),便于(yu)在計(ji)劃終了時計(ji)算(suan)(suan)“實際業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)預算(suan)(suan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)”(應當達到的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)水(shui)(shui)平),使預算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)執行情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)評價和考核建立在更加現實和可(ke)比的(de)(de)(de)基礎上。彈性成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)預算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制(zhi)基本(ben)(ben)步驟:選擇業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)單位(wei)(wei);確(que)(que)定(ding)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)范(fan)(fan)圍;逐項(xiang)研究并(bing)確(que)(que)定(ding)各項(xiang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)和業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)關系(xi);計(ji)算(suan)(suan)各項(xiang)預算(suan)(suan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben),并(bing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式來表達。業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)單位(wei)(wei)要(yao)最能代表本(ben)(ben)單位(wei)(wei)。如手工(gong)(gong)操作為主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)車間(jian),就應選用(yong)(yong)(yong)人工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)時;制(zhi)造單一產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)部門(men),可(ke)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)實物數量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang);制(zhi)造多(duo)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)部門(men),可(ke)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)人工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)時或機器工(gong)(gong)時等。業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)范(fan)(fan)圍,可(ke)在正(zheng)常生產(chan)(chan)能力的(de)(de)(de)70%-110%之(zhi)間(jian),或以歷史上最高業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和*業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)為其上下限。彈性預算(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)高低,很大程度(du)上取決于(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)性態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析水(shui)(shui)平。多(duo)水(shui)(shui)平法(列表法)
優點:可對(dui)號入座,簡便(bian);混合成本(ben)(ben)中的(de)階(jie)梯成本(ben)(ben)和(he)曲線(xian)成本(ben)(ben),可按其(qi)性(xing)(xing)態計(ji)(ji)算(suan)填列,不必用(yong)數(shu)學方法(fa)修正為近似的(de)直線(xian)成本(ben)(ben)。但(dan)運用(yong)多水平(ping)法(fa)彈性(xing)(xing)預算(suan)評(ping)價(jia)和(he)考核實際成本(ben)(ben)時,往往需要用(yong)插補(bu)法(fa)來計(ji)(ji)算(suan),較(jiao)麻煩。
公(gong)式法y=a+bx優點:便于(yu)計算任何業務(wu)量的預(yu)算成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。但階梯(ti)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)和曲線成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)只能用(yong)(yong)數(shu)學方法修正為(wei)近(jin)似的直線成(cheng)本(ben)(ben),以便用(yong)(yong)y=a+bx表示。必要時還要在備注(zhu)中說明不同業務(wu)量范圍內采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的不同固定成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)金額(e)的單位變動(dong)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)金額(e),運用(yong)(yong)控制支出
評價和考(kao)核成本(ben)(ben)控制業(ye)績目(mu)標(biao)成本(ben)(ben)概念:是(shi)根據可實現的(de)(de)銷(xiao)售收入扣除(chu)目(mu)標(biao)利潤計算(suan)出來的(de)(de)成本(ben)(ben)。是(shi)目(mu)標(biao)管(guan)理(li)思想在(zai)成本(ben)(ben)管(guan)理(li)中應用的(de)(de)產物。目(mu)標(biao)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)要求:初步在(zai)最高層設置(zhi)目(mu)標(biao)明(ming)確組織的(de)(de)任務下屬人員的(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)設置(zhi)擬訂(ding)目(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)反復循環過程目(mu)標(biao)成本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)確定初步測算(suan)可行性分析
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